CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW IN HEALTH CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW IN HEALTH CARE - Essay Example Consequently, healthcare contracts ensure that parties are informed of their rights and obligations, and provide remedies for breach by one or more parties to an agreement. It also clarifies parties’ intentions and can be used for future references to resolve misunderstandings among parties to it (Pozgar, 2012). It defines an agreement by parties to establish, and be bound by their specified terms. Express contracts can be oral or written and written contracts override oral contracts (Simmers, Nartker and Kobelak, 2008). This is a contract in which one of the parties can relinquish his or her obligations because of lack of some of the essentials of a contract. The type of contract however, remains valid until it is revoked (Pozgar, 2012). Other types of a contract are defined in terms of nature of involved subject matter such as contracts for reality defining contracts that involve â€Å"real estate and interest in real estate,† contracts for goods involving â€Å"movable objects with exception of money and securities,† and contract for services involving human efforts (Pozgar, 2012, p. 87). Essential elements of a valid a contract in healthcare are agreement, which defines offer and acceptance, and consideration. An offer refers to a promise by a party or parties to undertake acts, of commission or omission, on provision that the other party or parties will undertake specified acts of either omission or commission. An offer is only valid when the ‘offeror’ intends to be bound by the terms. Acceptance however defines a party’s consent, subject to legal provisions, to be bound by the terms of offer. It must involve â€Å"mutual consent,† be â€Å"definite and complete,† be made before the offer is revoked or within a reasonable period, and must be â€Å"complete and confirming† (Pozgar, 2012, p. 87). Another element of healthcare contract, consideration,

Jack Welch - A Simple Leader of Genius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jack Welch - A Simple Leader of Genius - Essay Example The custodial concept shows employees' orientation on money. It is known that one of the manager's needs is security, which is provided by using this concept, the result of which is simple passive cooperation. The supportive and collegial theories also take their place, main principles of them being orientation on support and self-discipline respectively. But getting to know Jack Welch closer one becomes sure that this person used none of these theories, having created his own one, which turned the top managers of the global companies into talented and oriented leaders. Jack F. Welch became a CEO in General Electric when he was 45, thus being the youngest manager of such level at the time. He spent his entire career with G.E., and with this company he has developed his concept of ever-continuous development of the company. In the late 1970's it was already becoming apparent, that the G.E. Corporation was facing a state of being a victim of the global economy. National companies were losing their consumers, because foreign companies produced better goods for lower prices, and this was accepted by Welch as a very important sign. In his work he used the idea of all businesses being No.1 or No. 2 in their area, otherwise they were to be "fixed, closed or sold" (Tichy and Sherman, 16). He sold $12 billion of low profit businesses and bought $26 billion of highly profitable ones, thus allowing the profits and sales to increase from $1.5 billion in 1980 to $5.2 billion in 1993. Welch has created a whole leadership philosophy, due to which G.E. has acquired the strongest balance sheet. Jack Welch was not simply a successful CEO - he was and is an undisputed all-time champion of the corporate leadership. When Welch became a CEO, G.E. had a great number of problems, which were long-lasting and could become invisible for most of the top managers. First of all, the earnings of the company grew too slowly, capital expenditures were too high, thus making the capital flow slow as well, productivity growth was no more than 1-2% per year. He also noted that management was taking decisions too slowly, the company was overfilled with bureaucracy and he felt that in order to keep the company flowing, he must bring it through the most radical changes that have ever been accomplished in it. He has formulated the six rules of management, which are so unique and universal at the same time that could be used not only in managing a company, but almost in every sphere of human life. 1. Control your destiny, or someone else will. According to this principle the employees must control their destiny themselves, that is, Welch gave them some kind of freedom in taking decisions. He strongly believed that this would make companies successful, opening talents and capabilities of workers. Now we are constantly amazed by how much people

Tinas Restaurant Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tinas Restaurant - Case Study Example There exist a higher number of potential customers. The region also has a higher level of income with are being segmented to give room for her to issue variety while offering services. The diverse nature of Hamilton road in the city of London provides him with the opportunities to offer customers with a wide range of products. The threats come from his potential competitors who include Montana’s Cookhouse, Kelsey’s, and Boston Pizz. The other threat is the unpredictable nature of the customers with trends changing on consumer preference. As a new business Tina faces an uphill task in ensuring that she penetrates the market. The loyalty of customer in London city may make her face challenges while marketing the products to customers. Lack of a viable plan may affect Tina’s effort of penetrating the market and offering her customers better services than her potential competitors. The major competitors of Tina are including Montana’s Cookhouse, Kelsey’s, and Boston Pizz. Montana cookhouse owned by Cara operations Limited, provides the greatest competition to Tins. They boost of two products include the smokehouse rib and fresh Canadian AAA steaks. The restaurant is located in Hyde Park. It boost of 700 branches across Canada. The restaurant sales are estimated to be over $1m for the single unite and a system wide sale of $1.5 billion. They utilize their official website to market their products. The billboards are the other avenues the company has focused on in selling their products to the market. Among their services include customized services for the customers. They offer variety in their products. The other competitor in the line of business is the Boston Pizza. It is located north west of London town. They share a geographical location with Montana’s Cookhouse. Boston Pizza also boasts of a large market share with over 350 branches of the same restaurant across the country.

Financial analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Financial analysis - Assignment Example Despite the fact that there are more phones than humans worldwide the global penetration of cellular technology is 79% of the population. The market for cellular phones is attractive, particularly the sales of smartphones such as the iPhone 6. In 2012 the worldwide sales of smartphones reached 967.8 million units (Plunkettresearch, 2014). In the United States the market penetration is 104.3% with 68.8% of users using smartphones. Smartphones are revenue makers for companies such as AT&T that sell cellular talk, text and internet data services for cellular devices. Cellular devices are the biggest seller of any kind of consumer electronic with approximately 1.8 billion units sold each year. 53.76% of all cellular phones sold each year are smartphones. New phones today offers a vast array of advanced features that make smartphones the new computing device of the 21st century. U.S. wireless service company revenues in 2013 reached $189.2 billion. The average user of a cellular phone spends $48.79 on their monthly bill. The ability to sell internet data services has greatly increased the capacity of cellular phone providers to increase their revenues. A major merger that occurred in the industry in 2013 was Japan Softbank merged with Sprint Nextel. The cash flow of Sprint increased by $5 billion after completion of this deal. Cellular phones have become a mature product in the United States as market penetration exceeds 100%. Focusing on selling smartphones with better features and specifications has become the mostly utilized strategy in the industry to achieve growth. Cellular phone providers benefit from the innovation of companies such as Motorola, Apple, and Samsung. New smartphones are going to become more powerful due to the consumer desire to have a computer at the reach of their hands. A growing trend among cellular phone users is to utilize phones to pay for goods or services. 3G and 4G networks are the current standard of the industry, but beware

Understand How to Establish an Effective Team Assignment

Understand How to Establish an Effective Team - Assignment Example Understand How to Establish an Effective Team In a report written by A.W.C. Training entitled â€Å"Effective Working Relationships†, emphasize was placed on enhancing awareness regarding the importance of maintaining happy relationships within the organizational setting for the reason that smooth and effective working relationships were noted to be instrumental in tasks and responsibilities being undertaken more efficiently; and thus, enabling the delivery of high quality of customer service. Within a team, the development of effective working relationship presupposes the application of effective communication as a framework of success. According to Harbour (2013), â€Å"good communication makes it easier to address individual problems or concerns between employees and supervisors when they arise† (par. 8). Communication also enables the dissemination of crucial information, including policies, procedures, and the organization’s code of discipline, to provide guidelines to the employees, various members of a team, and other stakeholders, in manifesting the expected behavior. For example, in a newly formed team tasked to present suggestions and recommendations to increase sales of the products, an effectively developed and maintained team who follows the abovementioned guidelines are expected to be more cohesive and to delegate tasks, share crucial information, and equitably divide the responsibilities needed in coming up with a presentation that would satisfy organizational goals. Benefits of Effective Working Relationships in Developing and Maintaining the Team The benefits of effective working relationships in developing and maintaining the team are therefore realized in terms of showing cohesiveness, increasing performance and productivity, reporting lesser conflicts or miscommunication, and satisfying the needs and demands of the customers. As asserted, â€Å"good workplace relationships and a positive work environment is critical for a successful business, as unhappy staff have a negative impact on productivity and customer service† (Harbour, 2013, par. 7). Behaviours which Could Develop and Maintain Trust at Work The behaviours which could develop and maintain trust at work include the following: (1) maintaining sincerity; (2) being reliable; (3) being accountable; (4) listening attentively and actively; (5) not blaming others; and (6) being transparent in all undertakings with honesty and integrity (Piccinini, 2013). For instance, in the organizational setting, trust could be developed and maintained when members of a team have openly established the need to be open to each other and communicate truthful information to the most effective manner. When a member of the team makes a mistake, other members must assume a stance of understanding and refrain from blaming the errant member. All members must therefore

Primary and Support Activities of Value Chain Essay Example for Free

Primary and Support Activities of Value Chain Essay Raytheon Company has created new software that improves the logistics system of the company by providing constant tracking data of all products in the inventory, which has saved the company nearly $9M. MTrak is a web-based system that includes the Microsoft . Net technology, which is used to capture bar-code scans and combines it with information from the mainframe computer to provide tracking of all inventories anywhere within the company. A lot of stuff got lost, company had to have multiple people sitting by the phones to take the calls asking where the parts were. The creation of MTrak brings Raytheon online with its competitors in the industry. While the system does not create a competitive advantage to Raytheon, it does negate the disadvantage of a bad supply control system. The creation of MTrak contributes to the entire value chain by tracking the products from the beginning of the chain at Inbound Logistics, through Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, through to the end of the chain at Service. The Technology and Competitive Forces The major problem at Raytheon was lost inventory. The suppliers were not to blame because they were able to account for every piece of property they supplied through their fully automated supply chains. From the beginning, the goal was to create a system that would track all materials used by Raytheon such as resistors, capacitors and customized computer chips from the time of order through receiving, testing, placement in inventory and final use in a military field radio, handheld motion sensor or some other Raytheon product . Whenever Raytheon received calls for a missing delivery personnel would physically search the area to see if the product was still there. In some cases, if the item couldn’t be found the employees would reorder the item so production schedules could be met.. The MTrak is a web-based system that includes such technologies as Microsoft . Net and Biz Talk 2004. These technologies, which captures bar-code scans and other information on incoming deliveries, combine it with other information from the mainframe system such as purchase-order inventory, anufacture-scheduling data. The integration of the MTrak and mainframe computers is possible through the use of software provided by WRQ Verastream. This system lets employees track the status and movement of parts throughout the entire company from a web browser. Competitive Forces-Value Chain The Value Chain consists of five Primary Value Chain Activities and four generic categories of support activities. The primary value chain activ ities are supported by the generic categories. In this case the primary chain activities that are being supported are the Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, and Marketing and Sales. The supporting category is Technology Development. Raytheon created this technology in-house with publicly available software. Even though integrating the software into the daily business of the company did not create a competitive advantage, Raytheon was able to save money in many areas including lost inventory, delayed production, and outsourcing software development. Supporting the Company The MTrak tracking system provides a state-of-the-art software package that provides Raytheon with the means to track its entire inventory throughout the entire company from a web browser. This technology improves the value chain of the entire company. Though the use of this technology, Raytheon will be on a level playing field with other companies in the industry. It may even spur Raytheon an advantage in the future as the company continues to grow.

Link Between Obesity and Social Class

Link Between Obesity and Social Class Critically evaluate and demonstrate the link between rising obesity levels in women from low- income households in the UK with reference to the influence income has on food choice Numerous studies and reports over the past 40 years (Marmot, 2010; Acheson, 1998; DEFRA) have identified social patterning in levels of obesity. Results in the UK have shown a growing trend amongst women from low-income households and obesity. Income along with other social factors influences food choice. There is widespread public and government knowledge that low-income households are most likely to have an unbalanced diet which contributes to poor health outcomes (Marmot, 2010; LINDS, 2007; Acheson 1998). Low-income impacts on obesity by limiting access to resources, the more income a household has the more accessibility to food choices they will have (Sobal Stunkard, 1989). Low-income can be defined as lower than half of the average income (Acheson; 1998). This essay will attempt to explore the causes and consequences of the prevalence of obesity for women from low-income backgrounds whilst taking into account environmental social aspects. Research on dietary behaviours indicate that accessibility and knowledge of healthy practices are significant factors that must be also be considered (American Psychological Association, 2005). In 1997, following the election of New Labour, the government commissioned an inquiry into health inequalities. The Acheson Report followed the inquiry making many recommendations to address health inequalities amongst women, families and children. The report advised the benefits of improving the diet of women and girls to make improvements not only to their own health, but also the health of their children and future families (Acheson, 1998). Likewise, the Health Survey for England (2003) found women from the lower social classes are more susceptible to obesity, no correlation was found for men (Sproston Primatesta, 2004). Elsewhere the global pattern appears to be the same, the World Health Organization carried out a study across 26 countries and found the social gradient of obesity levels consistently higher amongst women than men (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010 pg98). More recent studies such as the Marmot Review (2010) showed income along with other prevalent social factors; social d eprivation and ethnicity increased the risk of obesity for women. The UK has one of the fastest growing rates of obesity in the developed world. This steady increase has led to a society where overweight is the norm (Weight Management Centre, 2010). Despite the increase over the last 50 years there has been a shift in values in modern, developed societies towards slimness as a preferred body shape (Sobal Stunkard, 1989). Conversely, it is interesting to note historical observations of female body weight, for example, in 19th Century Britain, voluptuous women of the middles classes where regarded as objects of beauty, a large curvy figure was a symbol of wealth and high status (Williams Germov, 2009). In developing societies plumpness is portrayed as positive, whereas in developed societies it is seen as negative. An extreme example of this can still be observed in some African cultures where they send young women to fattening huts to gain excessive weight to increase their beauty, status and marriage potential (Brink, 1989). The way we choose and eat food can be deep rooted in complicated cultural reasons. We may choose foods based on what we had as a child, foods that mean something to us, provide feelings of comfort or to aspire to a lifestyle. Food has always been linked to social meanings but never before as it been so widely available and affordable to consume such cheap energy rich foods (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010). In a similar way foods we eat can be habitual and mood enhancing, women more frequently report food cravings than men (Dye Blundell, 1997). New research suggests some high fat high sugar diets can cause changes in the brain comparable to drug addiction, moreover the studies found these brain changes can be passed on to offspring (Society for Neuroscience, 2012) although this research is intriguing the evidence is very limited but future expansion into this area could prove very insightful. Cultural habits and norms develop and change throughout the life course, past events and experiences shape food choice, equally future expectations and social determinants influence food selection. Early in life we develop food roots that in time lead to established diet patterns. The social environment can play a role in food choices we make and may influence patterns of obesity in some groups. Of interest to note is a study that looked at the spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years, finding a link suggesting siblings and friends of the same sex shared an obesity spreading pattern. The study found the link to be strongest with female siblings although it was also present in same sex friends and spouses. This implies obesity as infectious, showing that people are influenced by the appearance and behaviours of social contacts. That said, other imitation behaviours that may occur under the same influence such as exercise and smoking can also have an effect on obesity (Christakis Fowler, 2007). Studies reveal that women from ethnic minority groups living in the UK have a higher obesity rates than men from the same groups (Health Survey for England, 2004). The figures for obesity in women from these groups in particular, Black African and Bangladeshi females, is higher than the rest of the general population. However, the results may be limited due to the small numbers representing some of the ethnic minority groups. According to the Department of Health, Equality Analysis: A call to action on obesity in England (2011), there is not enough evidence available to attribute causative factors to ethnic obesity prevalence in the UK. The correlation between obesity and ethnicity is complex. Some evidence points at underlying genetic susceptibility to obesity related illness such as diabetes made worse by changes in dietary habits , lack of exercise and environmental circumstances (Holmboe-Ottesen Wandel, 2012). The same study looked at the dietary changes of immigrants from low-i ncome countries to Europe, revealing two factors which could alter lifestyle and health outcomes of immigrants. Firstly, acculturation a process whereby the immigrants are influenced by the food culture of the host country, secondly, nutrition transition which has a global trend, for instance, if processed foods are only available to the high income groups in the country of origin, then after migration these foods are more available and cheap, making them appear an ideal choice. The pattern between income inequality and obesity appears to be stronger for women than men (National Obesity Observatory, 2011). In an attempt to understand this pattern it is important to consider many factors. There is a belief that obesity has a genetic predisposition ‘thrifty phenotype’ (Hales Barker, 2001). Whilst genetics can have a role, Wilkinson and Pickett (2010) argue the correlation is not strong enough to explain rapidly increasing obesity over the last 30 years. They suggest the rise in obesity more likely related to changes in society in the way we live such as, increasing food prices, accessibility, the growth in fast food outlets, microwave cooking, poor culinary skills and changes in physical activity levels. It is unclear as to why the obesity pattern for women from low-income groups is stronger than for men, research in this area is limited. What is of concern is the health implications that these women face, startling figures from Healthy Lives, Healthy People (2011) report obese woman are thirteen times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, four times more likely to develop high blood pressure and three times more likely to have a heart attack than a woman of healthy weight. Similar results were reported from Health England (2009) stating women in overweight and obese BMI categories are more likely to be diagnosed with a long standing illness than men, a similar correlation is shown between depression and obesity from the same paper. Pregnancy poses further problems, women from socioeconomic deprivation are more likely to retain weight gained during pregnancy and after birth, age and number of births were also found to be contributing factors (National Obesity Observatory, 2011). The Low-Income Diet and Nutrition Survey (LIDNS) reported price, value, income for food expenditure and quality/freshness of the food as the main influences affecting food choice. With 44% of women surveyed indicating they would like to change their diets. Several studies (DEFRA, LIDNS, Acheson), have shown low-income groups are more likely to consume unbalanced diets and have a lower fruit and vegetable intake, they also have reduced levels of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre with higher intakes of white bread, processed meats and sugar (Dowler, 2007). It can be argued that the obesity pattern in women from low-income groups is a consequence of globalisation and the resulting problems it leads to with job security leading to pressure on low-income individuals and families which creates an environment that encourages over consumption of high energy foods, in an area where working hours are longer with less time to prepare food thereby opting for cheap, convenience fast-foods which inevitably have a higher fat content, this shift in working patterns means people are more likely to consume convenience foods but be less likely to burn off the extra calories (Qvortrup, 2003). Increased demand in convenience foods associated with changi ng lifestyles over the past 20 years, has given rise to a food evolution (Buckley, Cowan, McCarthy, 2007). For some accessibility to healthy food on a low-income is a problem (Dowler, 2008). Living in low-income urban areas often means limited opportunities for daily exercise and reduced access to stores that sell healthy foods (Black, 2008). It could be said that income is the biggest indicator in food choice as it often determines the quality and accessibility of food, but income can also be a contributing factor in education, housing, safety and transport, for example income often determines where you can live. It can be argued, if lack of income was the main cause in rising obesity levels, the greatest increase would be seen in the highest-income groups since they would be able to afford to buy more food. This is not the case, obesity has a new social distribution. In the UK and other developed countries it is the lower income groups who have the highest growth in obesity rates, no longer is it the case where the rich are fat and the poor are thin (Wilkinson and Pickett 2010). Quality of food eaten may be an important indicator for low-income women. The cost of food has risen dramatically, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (2011) reported food prices to have increased by 12% between 2007 and 2011. The report showed the poorest are most affected by price increases with  £1 in every  £6 being spent on food for the poorest 20%, compared with  £1 in every  £9 for all UK households. LIDNS (2007) reported 39% of low-income households sometimes worried about having no money to buy food, 36% said they could not afford balanced meals, with 22% reported skipping meals. Education is a component of socio-economic status that may be associated with obesity. People with higher education levels are more likely to make healthier food choices A study using diet data from the UK Womens Cohort Study (Morris, Hulme, Clarke, Edwards, Cade, 2014) used a food cost database to estimate cost of dietary patterns using diet records, the results they found show a significant association between diet and cost, with a healthy diet costing twice as much as an unhealthy one. The results also demonstrated those subjects who consumed the healthiest diet have a higher SES indicated by education and occupation. Allowances should be made for overestimations and bias to the results of this study which used a food frequency questionnaire, it should also be noted, the data collected was from the diet survey 1995-1998 therefore not allowing for the inflated prices of todays food which would also influence food choice. The Acheson Report (1998) advised government to have a greater responsibility in reducing nutrition related inequalities. The report emphasised the need to address not only changes at individual and family behavioural levels but also multi-sectoral action at national and local levels. Criticisms of the report say the recommendations were too similar to the Black Report of 1980. The main difference, noted by Exworthy (2002), is that the Acheson report was well received by the government. In conclusion, globalisation of the UK economy has led to a shift from a traditional industrial nation to a society with altered work and lifestyle patterns. This shift in patterns has led to changes in food consumption and opportunities for exercise. Those who are in low-income households are most affected. Low-income is a factor in particular for women, who may take several actions to ensure that their families are fed, including skipping meals and eating cheaper, less nutritious foods. Education and accessibility can play a key role in improvements. Many government interventions at national and local level have already been initiated, however, too many are individual focused and more needs to be done at a social level. References: Acheson, D. (1998). Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. From Department of Health. Published by The Stationary Office. ISBN 0 11 322173 8 American Psychological Association APA, (2005). Retrieved from website: https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/factsheet-women.aspx Big Fat Globalisation: Towards a Sociology of Obesity: Matt Qvortrup, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 2003 Buckley, M., Cowan, C., McCarthy, M. (2007). The convenience food market in Great Britain: convenience food lifestyle (CFL) segments. Appetite, 49(3), 600-617. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.226 Christakis, N. A., Fowler, J. H. (2007). The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370-379. doi: doi:10.1056/NEJMsa066082 DEFRA (2011) Department for Environment, Food Rural Affairs. Family Food Statistics (2011). https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-food-2011 Department of Health (2011). Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call to action on obesity in England. Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in England. Dowler, E. and N. Spencer. (2007). Challenging health inequalities: from Acheson to choosing health. Bristol: Policy Press. Dowler, E. (2008). Symposium on Intervention policies for deprived households Policy initiatives to address low-income households nutritional needs in the UK. University of Warwick, Coventry Dye L, Blundell JE (1997) Menstrual cycle and appetite control: implications for weight regulation. Human Reproduction 12(6):1142-51 Exworthy, M. (2002). The Second Black Report? The Acheson Report as Another Opportunity to Tackle Health Inequalities. Contemporary British History, 175-197. doi: citeulike-article-id:3388437 Germov, John, and Lauren Williams. 2009. A sociology of food and nutrition: the social appetite. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. Hales, C. N., Barker, D. J. (2001). The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull, 60, 5-20. Health Survey for England. (2004). The Health of Minority Ethnic Groups. NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre, Public Health Statistics Holmboe-Ottesen, G., Wandel, M. (2012). Changes in dietary habits after migration and consequences for health: a focus on South Asians in Europe. 2012. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.18891 Jennifer L Black, James Macinko (2008). Neighborhoods and obesity. Nutrition Reviews 66 (1), 2–20. D11oi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.00001.x Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey, (2007). Summary of Key Findings. Food Standards Agency. The Stationary Office Marmot, M. G. (2004). Tackling health inequalities since the Acheson Inquiry. J Epidemiol Community Health, 58(4), 262-263. doi: 10.1136/jech.2003.010264 Morris, M. A., Hulme, C., Clarke, G. P., Edwards, K. L., Cade, J. E. (2014). What is the cost of a healthy diet? Using diet data from the UK Womens Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 68(11), 1043-1049. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204039 National Obesity Observatory. (2011) Obesity and Ethnicity. NHS. www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_9444_Obesity_and_ethnicity_270111.pdf Sobal, J., Stunkard, A. J. (1989). Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature. Psychol Bull, 105(2), 260-275. Society for Neuroscience, (2012) Food for Thought: Obesity and Addiction. Retrieved from: http://www.brainfacts.org/Across-the-Lifespan/Diet-and-Exercise/Articles/2012/Food-for-Thought-Obesity-and-Addiction Weight Management Centre, (2010). Obesity a public health crisis. Retrieved from:www.wmc.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/UK-Obesity-Epidemic.pdf Wilkinson, R. G., Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York: Bloomsbury Press. (Published 2009)